I use flatpak. Problems for me include the lack of package signing like the standard repos have.

I use Flatpak sometimes. Unfortunately, I’ve had issues with Flatpak packages being less maintained than apt packages and having weird bugs related to sandboxing. I try to avoid unofficial Flatpak packages of applications that have official Linux support compatible with my computer.

I set up a docker image for work that contains our prefered IDE and all our toolchains pre-configured. It’s possible flatpack or appimage would have been prefereable but I found setting it up via docker to be really intutitve.

Containers like Docker/Podman? I only use that for selfhosted services on my servers. I can’t speak to Docker/Podman applications used on desktop.

If you want to include more universal package methods such ad Snap, Flatpak, and AppImage, I use Flatpak installations for things I want to sandbox that don’t have a focus on Linux Development. These are applications like Discord and Spotify. I’ll also install applications through Flatpak that aren’t available through my package manager, after checking that the Flatpak is maintained by the developer. An example of that which I use is Czkawka which finds and offers solutions for duplicate and similar files.
The way I used Flatpak, I haven’t run into any show stopping issues although I do know using Flatpak for CLI applications can be difficult and annoying. I believe Flatpak CLI apps need to be run by using the full Flatpak package name instead of just the executable name.

LXC for:

• Software builds
• Command line experiments on distros other than my main one
• Running apps with no risk of messes left behind when I uninstall them
• Some (limited) privacy isolation when running apps that I don’t trust

(It doesn’t provide as much isolation as a hypervisor-based virtual machine, but it’s good enough for some purposes, and much better than Flatpak.)

Flatpak for:

• A handful of apps that aren’t available in my distro’s package repo
• Steam, because its runtime containers don’t play well with LXC

(I never run apps from Flathub, because I find they usually come with loose permission settings that sacrifice the user’s security and privacy in favor of the packager’s convenience. Instead, I build my own flatpaks. Some people get a similar effect by micromanaging overrides with flatpak override or Flatseal.)

Snap looked interesting when I looked at it a few years ago, especially since parts of its sandboxing design looked more effective than Flatpak’s. However, it was pushed out to Ubuntu users in a state that I don’t consider fit for release, and the maintainers have been painfully slow to address its issues, and its repository system is not open, so I doubt that it will ever meet my needs.

Docker on some servers, though I intend to switch to Podman. (And you asked about desktop software, so this is a little off-topic.)